小试牛刀-SOL链创建Token

最近需要编写SOL合约进行SPL Token的转移,因为在测试网上需要自己部署测试Token,同时为了更加美观,Token需携带metadata数据(对名称、头像等)进行定义.在此对创建过程进行记录,希望帮助到有需要实现相关功能的朋友.

右指

2033人浏览 · 2024-09-02 11:22:00

右指 · 2024-09-02 11:22:00 发布

4.3. 创建并初始化Mint Account

4.4. 创建并初始化Metadata Account

4.5. 发送创建和初始化mint Account

4.6 铸造Token

5.源码分享

Welcome to Code Block's blog

本篇文章主要介绍了

[小试牛刀-SOL链创建Token]
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文章为在测试网络进行,不涉及任何其他建议!!

1.编写目的

2.账户结构

SOL链内的所有数据都存储在账户中,创建Token需要使用不同的程序(合约)创建三个Account,结构图如下:

Mint Account:使用TOKEN_PROGRAM(Token相关操作)程序,创建一个Mint Account,这个账户的作用是用来铸造Token.

MetaData Account:使用METADATA_PROGRAM(metadata数据相关操作)程序,创建一个MetaData账户,用来存储Token基础信息(名称、图标/头像).

ACT Account: 铸造出的Token需要ACT Account进行接收,这需要使用用户和mint Account进行计算然后进行创建,用于接收铸造完成的Token.

3.环境及使用依赖

依赖名	版本号
@metaplex-foundation/mpl-token-metadata	2.1.1
@solana/spl-token	0.4.8
@solana/web3.js	1.95.3

{
  "scripts": {
    "test": "ts-node ./test/createmint.test.ts"
  },
  "dependencies": {
    "@metaplex-foundation/mpl-token-metadata": "^2.1.1",
    "@solana/spl-token": "^0.4.8",
    "@solana/web3.js": "^1.95.3",
  },
  "devDependencies": {
    "@types/node": "^22.5.0",
    "ts-node": "^10.9.2",
    "typescript": "^5.5.4"
  }
}

这里使用TypeScript和node环境进行代码编写,主要需要用到@metaplex-foundation/mpl-token-metadata(用于metadata Account初始化),@solana/spl-token(mint Account初始化和ACT Account创建),@solana/web3.js(用于基础Account创建和一些工具类).

注:这里尽量保持引入版本一致,因为不同版本的方法名称可能不同.

4.步骤分解

4.1.导入相关依赖

import { Keypair, PublicKey, SystemProgram,Connection,sendAndConfirmTransaction, Transaction } from "@solana/web3.js";
import { MINT_SIZE, TOKEN_PROGRAM_ID, createInitializeMint2Instruction, getOrCreateAssociatedTokenAccount,mintTo } from "@solana/spl-token";

import {
  PROGRAM_ID as METADATA_PROGRAM_ID,
  createCreateMetadataAccountV3Instruction,
} from "@metaplex-foundation/mpl-token-metadata";
import * as fs from 'fs'

这里的fs用于读取本地密钥文件,用于生成payer.

4.2. 初始化变量

const connection = new Connection('https://api.devnet.solana.com', 'confirmed');

const secretKeyPath='./wallet/id.json';
const secretKeyJSON = fs.readFileSync(secretKeyPath, 'utf-8');
// 创建测试密钥对
const secretKeyArray = JSON.parse(secretKeyJSON);
const secretKey = new Uint8Array(secretKeyArray);
const payer = Keypair.fromSecretKey(secretKey);
// 打印payer地址
console.log("Payer address:", payer.publicKey.toBase58());

// 定义token名称等
const tokenConfig = {
    //小数位数
    decimals: 2,
    //Token名称
    name: "BOGGY",
    //Token符号
    symbol: "Boggy Coin",
    //metadata json地址
    uri: "https://bafkreibyxbbl2jba2ry6ds2wgc6phdlhm2u6sox3neltfrdth7ocgkbqfm.ipfs.nftstorage.link",
  };

这里connection定义了使用SOL测试网进行连接,同时通过读取本地的id.json文件创建一个交易费用支付者并进行打印。

4.3. 创建并初始化Mint Account

  //创建一个密钥对,将其公钥作为Mint地址
  const mintKeypair = Keypair.generate();
  //输出Mint Account地址
  console.log("Mint address:", mintKeypair.publicKey.toBase58());

这里创建一个密钥对,并打印,其公钥作为Mint Account地址在后面进行初始化.

 //创建基础Account 
 const createMintAccountInstruction = SystemProgram.createAccount({
    fromPubkey: payer.publicKey,
    newAccountPubkey: mintKeypair.publicKey,
    space: MINT_SIZE,
    lamports: await connection.getMinimumBalanceForRentExemption(MINT_SIZE),
    programId: TOKEN_PROGRAM_ID,
  });

  //将Account初始化为一个mint Account
  const initializeMintInstruction = createInitializeMint2Instruction(
    mintKeypair.publicKey,
    tokenConfig.decimals,
    payer.publicKey,
    payer.publicKey,
  );

这里进行了mint Account的创建和初始化两条命令:

>SystemProgram.createAccount

fromPubkey:将作为该Wallet的拥有者和交易费用支付者.
newAccountPubkey:即为创建mint地址,
space:为组件内提供的MINT_SIZE(MINT Account必须使用的空间大小),
lamports:作为免租费用.使用提供的方法根据空间进行计算.
TOKEN_PROGRAM_ID: TOKEN_PROGRAM(Token相关操作)程序

>createInitializeMint2Instruction

mintKeypair.publicKey:指定作为mint Account的Wallet.
tokenConfig.decimals:设置小数位数为2位,
payer.publicKey:分别指定铸造权限拥有者和冻结权限拥有者,当设置为null时Token将不能继续被铸造.

注:这两个命令其实就可以创建Token,但Token没有名称和头像.

4.4. 创建并初始化Metadata Account

  const metadataAccount = PublicKey.findProgramAddressSync(
    [Buffer.from("metadata"), METADATA_PROGRAM_ID.toBuffer(), mintKeypair.publicKey.toBuffer()],
    METADATA_PROGRAM_ID,
  )[0];

  console.log("Metadata address:", metadataAccount.toBase58());

这里先创建了一个PDA账户(即METADATA_PROGRAM作为操作执行者),并进行打印.

PDA的生成是[seeds]种子和持续的变动bump查看生成的地址是否在Ed25519椭圆曲线上,直到找到一个未在曲线上的值,则结束,并返回地址,以保持Pda地址的唯一性.

曲线方程为: $eq?-x%5E%7B2%7D+y%5E%7B2%7D%3D1-%5Cleft%20%28%20%5Cfrac%7B121665%7D%7B121666%7D%5Cright%20%29*x%5E%7B2%7D*y%5E%7B2%7D$

注:根据官方要求必须使用派生(PDA)账户初始化MetaData Account.

  const createMetadataInstruction = createCreateMetadataAccountV3Instruction(
    {
      metadata: metadataAccount,
      mint: mintKeypair.publicKey,
      mintAuthority: payer.publicKey,
      payer: payer.publicKey,
      updateAuthority: payer.publicKey,
    },
    {
      createMetadataAccountArgsV3: {
        data: {
          creators: null,
          name: tokenConfig.name,
          symbol: tokenConfig.symbol,
          uri: tokenConfig.uri,
          //费用
          sellerFeeBasisPoints: 0,
          collection: null,
          uses: null,
        },
        collectionDetails: null,
        isMutable: true,
      },
    },
  );

使用createCreateMetadataAccountV3Instruction进行metadata Account的创建和初始化:

metadata:metadata Account(即PDA Account)
mint:关联MINT Address,
mintAuthority: mint的权限用户,
payer: 费用支付者和拥有者,
updateAuthority: metadata的更新操作权限拥有者,

在createMetadataAccountArgsV3中分别设置了Token名称、图像、简称地址等参数。

4.5. 发送创建和初始化mint Account

  const transaction=new Transaction().add(createMintAccountInstruction,initializeMintInstruction,createMetadataInstruction);
  const tx=await sendAndConfirmTransaction(connection,transaction,[payer,mintKeypair]);
  console.log("创建Token mint地址,交易tx:"+tx);

这里将上面的 createMintAccountInstruction、initializeMintInstruction、createMetadataInstruction添加到一个transaction中并使用sendAndConfirmTransaction发送到链上,即可完成带有metadata的SPL Token创建.

测试截图:

4.6 铸造Token

  const actAccount=await getOrCreateAssociatedTokenAccount(connection,payer,mintKeypair.publicKey,payer.publicKey);

  const mintSig=await mintTo(connection,payer,mintKeypair.publicKey,actAccount.address,payer,1000_000_000_000);

  console.log("向我的账户mint Token:"+mintSig);

这里使用 getOrCreateAssociatedTokenAccount方法创建一个actAccount,同时通过mintTo方法向actAccount铸造Token.

测试截图:

因为小数位数设置为两位所以铸造了 1000_000_000_000将会铸造10_000_000_000个Token.

5.源码分享

import { Keypair, PublicKey, SystemProgram,Connection,sendAndConfirmTransaction, Transaction } from "@solana/web3.js";
import { MINT_SIZE, TOKEN_PROGRAM_ID, createInitializeMint2Instruction, getOrCreateAssociatedTokenAccount,mintTo } from "@solana/spl-token";

import {
  PROGRAM_ID as METADATA_PROGRAM_ID,
  createCreateMetadataAccountV3Instruction,
} from "@metaplex-foundation/mpl-token-metadata";
import * as fs from 'fs'
const connection = new Connection('https://api.devnet.solana.com', 'confirmed');

const secretKeyPath='./wallet/id.json';
const secretKeyJSON = fs.readFileSync(secretKeyPath, 'utf-8');
// 创建测试账户
const secretKeyArray = JSON.parse(secretKeyJSON);
const secretKey = new Uint8Array(secretKeyArray);
const payer = Keypair.fromSecretKey(secretKey);
(async () => {

  console.log("Payer address:", payer.publicKey.toBase58());
  const mintKeypair = Keypair.generate();

  console.log("Mint address:", mintKeypair.publicKey.toBase58());

  const tokenConfig = {
    decimals: 2,
    name: "BOGGY",
    symbol: "Boggy Coin",
    uri: "https://bafkreibyxbbl2jba2ry6ds2wgc6phdlhm2u6sox3neltfrdth7ocgkbqfm.ipfs.nftstorage.link",
  };


  const createMintAccountInstruction = SystemProgram.createAccount({
    fromPubkey: payer.publicKey,
    newAccountPubkey: mintKeypair.publicKey,
    space: MINT_SIZE,
    lamports: await connection.getMinimumBalanceForRentExemption(MINT_SIZE),
    programId: TOKEN_PROGRAM_ID,
  });

  const initializeMintInstruction = createInitializeMint2Instruction(
    mintKeypair.publicKey,
    tokenConfig.decimals,
    payer.publicKey,
    payer.publicKey,
  );


  const metadataAccount = PublicKey.findProgramAddressSync(
    [Buffer.from("metadata"), METADATA_PROGRAM_ID.toBuffer(), mintKeypair.publicKey.toBuffer()],
    METADATA_PROGRAM_ID,
  )[0];

  console.log("Metadata address:", metadataAccount.toBase58());

  const createMetadataInstruction = createCreateMetadataAccountV3Instruction(
    {
      metadata: metadataAccount,
      mint: mintKeypair.publicKey,
      mintAuthority: payer.publicKey,
      payer: payer.publicKey,
      updateAuthority: payer.publicKey,
    },
    {
      createMetadataAccountArgsV3: {
        data: {
          creators: null,
          name: tokenConfig.name,
          symbol: tokenConfig.symbol,
          uri: tokenConfig.uri,
          sellerFeeBasisPoints: 0,
          collection: null,
          uses: null,
        },
        collectionDetails: null,
        isMutable: true,
      },
    },
  );
  const transaction=new Transaction().add(createMintAccountInstruction,initializeMintInstruction,createMetadataInstruction);
  const tx=await sendAndConfirmTransaction(connection,transaction,[payer,mintKeypair]);
  console.log("创建Token mint地址,交易tx:"+tx);


  const actAccount=await getOrCreateAssociatedTokenAccount(connection,payer,mintKeypair.publicKey,payer.publicKey);

  const mintSig=await mintTo(connection,payer,mintKeypair.publicKey,actAccount.address,payer,1000_000_000_000);

  console.log("向我的账户mint Token:"+mintSig);
})();

本代码均在测试网络进行,不涉及任何如投资等方面的建议!

如果你对区块链感兴趣,可以浏览我的专栏:区块链

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