对象的定义顺序和布局顺序是不一样的。我们在写代码的时候不用关心内存对齐问题，但是如果内存按照源代码定义顺序进行布局的话，由于cpu读取内存时是按寄存器（64位）大小单位载入的，如果载入的数据横跨两个64位，要操作该数据的话至少需要两次读取，加上组合移位，会产生效率问题，甚至会引发异常。比如在一些ARM处理器上，如果不按对齐要求访问数据, 会触发硬件异常。

在Class文件中，字段的定义是按照代码顺序排列的，虚拟机加载后会生成相应的数据结构，包含字段的名称，字段在对象中的偏移等。重新布局后，只要改变相应的偏移值即可。

获取到fields后，下面要在ClassFileParser::parseClassFile()函数中进行变量内存布局，如下：
FieldLayoutInfo info;
layout_fields(class_loader, &fac, &parsed_annotations, &info, CHECK_NULL);

传入的fac是之前介绍的FieldAllocationCount类型的变量，里面已经保存了各个类型变量的数量。
1、静态变量的偏移量

代码如下：
int next_static_oop_offset;
int next_static_double_offset;
int next_static_word_offset;
int next_static_short_offset;
int next_static_byte_offset;

…

// Calculate the starting byte offsets
next_static_oop_offset = InstanceMirrorKlass::offset_of_static_fields();
next_static_double_offset = next_static_oop_offset + ( (fac->count[STATIC_OOP]) * heapOopSize );
if ( fac->count[STATIC_DOUBLE] &&
(
Universe::field_type_should_be_aligned(T_DOUBLE) || // 方法会返回true
Universe::field_type_should_be_aligned(T_LONG) // 方法会返回true
)
){
next_static_double_offset = align_size_up(next_static_double_offset, BytesPerLong);
}
next_static_word_offset = next_static_double_offset + ((fac->count[STATIC_DOUBLE]) * BytesPerLong);
next_static_short_offset = next_static_word_offset + ((fac->count[STATIC_WORD]) * BytesPerInt);
next_static_byte_offset = next_static_short_offset + ((fac->count[STATIC_SHORT]) * BytesPerShort);

静态变量存储在镜像类InstanceMirrorKlass中，调用offset_of_static_fields()方法获取_offset_of_static_fields属性，也就是存储静态字段的偏移量。

在计算next_static_double_offset时，因为首先布局的是oop，所以内存很可能不是按8字节对齐，需要调用align_size_up()方法对内存进行8字节对齐，后面就不需要对齐了，因为一定是自然对齐，8字节对齐肯定是4字节对齐的，4字节对齐肯定是2字节对齐的。

调用InstanceMirrorKlass::offset_of_static_fields()方法会获取到InstanceMirrorKlass类的_offset_of_static_fields属性的值，设置_offset_of_static_fields属性的方法如下：
static void init_offset_of_static_fields() {
// java.lang.Class类使用InstanceMirrorKlass对象来表示，而java.lang.Class对象通过Oop对象来表示，那么imk->size_helper()获取的就是
// Oop对象的大小，左移3位将字转换为字节
InstanceMirrorKlass* imk = InstanceMirrorKlass::cast(SystemDictionary::Class_klass());
_offset_of_static_fields = imk->size_helper() << LogHeapWordSize; // LogHeapWordSize=3
}

静态字段紧挨着存储在java.lang.Class对象本身占用的内存大小之后。

按照oop、double、word、short、byte的顺序计算各个静态变量的偏移量，next_static_xxx_offset指向的就是第一个xxx类型的静态变量在InstanceMirrorKlass中的偏移量。可以看到，在fac中统计各个类型变量的数量就是为了方便在这里计算偏移量。
2、非静态变量的偏移量

计算非静态字段起始偏移量，在ClassFileParser::layout_fields()函数中有如下代码调用：
int nonstatic_field_size = _super_klass() == NULL ? 0 : _super_klass()->nonstatic_field_size();
…
int nonstatic_fields_start = instanceOopDesc::base_offset_in_bytes() + nonstatic_field_size * heapOopSize;
next_nonstatic_field_offset = nonstatic_fields_start;

定义在instanceOop.hpp文件中的类instanceOopDesc中实现的base_offset_in_bytes()函数的实现如下：
// If compressed, the offset of the fields of the instance may not be aligned.
static int base_offset_in_bytes() {
// offset computation code breaks if UseCompressedClassPointers
// only is true
return ( UseCompressedOops && UseCompressedClassPointers ) ?
klass_gap_offset_in_bytes() : // 开启指针压缩后计算出来的值为12
sizeof(instanceOopDesc); // 在64位上计算出来为16
}

因为非静态变量存储在instanceOopDesc中，并且父类变量存储在前，所以nonstatic_fields_start变量表示的就是当前类定义的实例字段所要存储的起始偏移量位置。

子类会将父类中定义的所有非静态字段（包括private修饰的非静态字段）全部复制，以实现字段继承。所以上面在计算子类非静态字段的起始偏移量时，会将父类可被继承的字段占用的内存也考虑在内。如下图所示。

下面在计算非静态字段的偏移量时还需要考虑有@Contended注解的类和字段。对于类上的@Contended注解，需要在字段之前填充ContendedPaddingWidth字节，对于有@Contended注解的变量来说，需要单独考虑布局。相关实例变量的数量需要分别进行计算，如下代码所示。
// 在类上加@Contended注解的说明可参考：https://www.icode9.com/content-1-375023.html
bool is_contended_class = parsed_annotations->is_contended();
// Class is contended, pad before all the fields
if (is_contended_class) {
next_nonstatic_field_offset += ContendedPaddingWidth; // ContendedPaddingWidth=128
}

// Compute the non-contended fields count.
// The packing code below relies on these counts to determine if some field
// can be squeezed into the alignment gap. Contended fields are obviously exempt from that.
unsigned int nonstatic_double_count = fac->count[NONSTATIC_DOUBLE] - fac_contended.count[NONSTATIC_DOUBLE];
unsigned int nonstatic_word_count = fac->count[NONSTATIC_WORD] - fac_contended.count[NONSTATIC_WORD];
unsigned int nonstatic_short_count = fac->count[NONSTATIC_SHORT] - fac_contended.count[NONSTATIC_SHORT];
unsigned int nonstatic_byte_count = fac->count[NONSTATIC_BYTE] - fac_contended.count[NONSTATIC_BYTE];
unsigned int nonstatic_oop_count = fac->count[NONSTATIC_OOP] - fac_contended.count[NONSTATIC_OOP];

// Total non-static fields count, including every contended field
unsigned int nonstatic_fields_count = fac->count[NONSTATIC_DOUBLE] +
fac->count[NONSTATIC_WORD] +
fac->count[NONSTATIC_SHORT] +
fac->count[NONSTATIC_BYTE] +
fac->count[NONSTATIC_OOP];

这里涉及到了对有@Contended注解的实例变量的处理，为了避免伪共享的问题，可能需要在2个变量的存储布局之间填充一些数据或空白。这个问题在前一篇已经介绍过，这里不再介绍。

如果类上有@Contended注解，最终的相关变量更新后指向如下：

在HotSpot中，对象布局有三种模式，如下：

allocation_style=0，字段排列顺序为oops、longs/doubles、ints、shorts/chars、bytes，最后是填充字段，以满足对齐要求；
allocation_style=1，字段排列顺序为longs/doubles、ints、shorts/chars、bytes、oops，最后是填充字段，以满足对齐要求；
allocation_style=2，JVM在布局时会尽量使父类oops和子类oops挨在一起。

另外，由于填充会形成空隙，比如使用压缩指针时，头占12字节，后面如果是long类型变量的话，long的对齐要求是8字节，中间会有4个字节的空隙，为了提高内存利用率, 可以把int/short/byte等相对内存占用比较小的对象塞进去，与此同时JVM提供了-XX:+/-CompactFields命令控制该特性，默认开启。
bool compact_fields = CompactFields; // 默认值为true
int allocation_style = FieldsAllocationStyle; // 默认的布局为1
// …

// Rearrange fields for a given allocation style
if( allocation_style == 0 ) {
// Fields order: oops, longs/doubles, ints, shorts/chars, bytes, padded fields
next_nonstatic_oop_offset = next_nonstatic_field_offset; // 首先布局oop类型的变量
next_nonstatic_double_offset = next_nonstatic_oop_offset + (nonstatic_oop_count * heapOopSize);
}
else if( allocation_style == 1 ) {
// Fields order: longs/doubles, ints, shorts/chars, bytes, oops, padded fields
next_nonstatic_double_offset = next_nonstatic_field_offset; // 首先布局long/double类型的变量
}
else if( allocation_style == 2 ) {
// Fields allocation: oops fields in super and sub classes are together.
if(
nonstatic_field_size > 0 && // nonstatic_field_size指的是父类的非静态变量占用的大小
_super_klass() != NULL &&
_super_klass->nonstatic_oop_map_size() > 0
){
unsigned int map_count = _super_klass->nonstatic_oop_map_count();
OopMapBlock* first_map = _super_klass->start_of_nonstatic_oop_maps();
OopMapBlock* last_map = first_map + map_count - 1;
int next_offset = last_map->offset() + (last_map->count() * heapOopSize);
if (next_offset == next_nonstatic_field_offset) {
allocation_style = 0; // allocate oops first
next_nonstatic_oop_offset = next_nonstatic_field_offset;
next_nonstatic_double_offset = next_nonstatic_oop_offset + (nonstatic_oop_count * heapOopSize);
}
}

if( allocation_style == 2 ) {
  allocation_style = 1;     // allocate oops last
  next_nonstatic_double_offset = next_nonstatic_field_offset;
}

}
else {
ShouldNotReachHere();
}

对于allocation_style属性的值为0与为1时的逻辑非常好理解，当为2时，如果父类有OopMapBlock，那么_super_klass->nonstatic_oop_map_size()大于0，并且父类将oop布局在末尾时，此时可使用allocation_style=0来布局，这样子类会首先将自己的oop布局在开始，正好和父类的oop连在一起，有利于GC扫描处理引用。剩下的其它情况都是按allocation_style属性的值为1来布局的，也就是oop在末尾。后面在介绍了OopMapBlock后就会对allocation_style等于2时的代码逻辑有更充分的理解。

选定了布局策略allocation_style后，首先要向空隙中填充属性，如下：
// count
int nonstatic_oop_space_count = 0;
int nonstatic_word_space_count = 0;
int nonstatic_short_space_count = 0;
int nonstatic_byte_space_count = 0;
// offset
int nonstatic_oop_space_offset;
int nonstatic_word_space_offset;
int nonstatic_short_space_offset;
int nonstatic_byte_space_offset;

// Try to squeeze some of the fields into the gaps due to long/double alignment.
// 向补白空隙中填充字段，填充的顺序为int、short、byte、oopmap
if( nonstatic_double_count > 0 ) { // 当有long/double类型的实例变量存在时，可能存在空隙
int offset = next_nonstatic_double_offset;
next_nonstatic_double_offset = align_size_up(offset, BytesPerLong);
// 只有开启了-XX:+CompactFields命令时才会进行空白填充
if( compact_fields && offset != next_nonstatic_double_offset ) {
// Allocate available fields into the gap before double field.
int length = next_nonstatic_double_offset - offset;
assert(length == BytesPerInt, “”);
// nonstatic_word_count记录了word的总数，由于这个gap算一个特殊位置，故把放入这里的word从正常情况删除，
// 并加入特殊的nonstatic_word_space_count中。
nonstatic_word_space_offset = offset;
if( nonstatic_word_count > 0 ) { // 由于long/double是8字节对齐，所以最多只能有7个字节的空隙，最多只能填充一个word类型的变量
nonstatic_word_count -= 1;
nonstatic_word_space_count = 1; // Only one will fit
length -= BytesPerInt;
offset += BytesPerInt;
}
nonstatic_short_space_offset = offset;
while( length >= BytesPerShort && nonstatic_short_count > 0 ) {
nonstatic_short_count -= 1;
nonstatic_short_space_count += 1;
length -= BytesPerShort;
offset += BytesPerShort;
}
nonstatic_byte_space_offset = offset;
while( length > 0 && nonstatic_byte_count > 0 ) {
nonstatic_byte_count -= 1;
nonstatic_byte_space_count += 1;
length -= 1;
}
// Allocate oop field in the gap if there are no other fields for that.
nonstatic_oop_space_offset = offset;
// when oop fields not first
// heapOopSize在开启指针压缩时为4,否则为8,所以一个oop占用的字节数要看heapOopSize的大小，理论上空隙也最多
// 只能存放一个oop对象
// allocation_style必须不等于0,因为等于0时，oop要分配到开始的位置，和父类的oop进行连续存储，不能
// 进行空隙填充
if( length >= heapOopSize && nonstatic_oop_count > 0 && allocation_style != 0 ) {
nonstatic_oop_count -= 1;
nonstatic_oop_space_count = 1; // Only one will fit
length -= heapOopSize;
offset += heapOopSize;
}
}
}

long/double类型占用8字节，对齐时，最多可能留下7字节的空白。Java数据类型与JVM内部定义的5种数据类型的对应关系如下表所示。
Java数据类型 JVM内部数据类型 数据宽度
reference oop 4字节（指针压缩）/8字节
boolean/byte byte 1字节
char/short short 2字节
int/float word 4字节
long/double double 8字节

有可能对齐后会有最多7字节的空隙，这样就可按顺序填充int/float、char/short、boolean/byte及引用类型，充分利用了内存空间。

下面开始计算非静态变量的偏移量，如下：
next_nonstatic_word_offset = next_nonstatic_double_offset + (nonstatic_double_count * BytesPerLong);
next_nonstatic_short_offset = next_nonstatic_word_offset + (nonstatic_word_count * BytesPerInt);
next_nonstatic_byte_offset = next_nonstatic_short_offset + (nonstatic_short_count * BytesPerShort);
next_nonstatic_padded_offset = next_nonstatic_byte_offset + nonstatic_byte_count;

// let oops jump before padding with this allocation style
// 为1时的布局为： // Fields order: longs/doubles, ints, shorts/chars, bytes, oops, padded fields
if( allocation_style == 1 ) {
next_nonstatic_oop_offset = next_nonstatic_padded_offset;
if( nonstatic_oop_count > 0 ) {
next_nonstatic_oop_offset = align_size_up(next_nonstatic_oop_offset, heapOopSize);
}
next_nonstatic_padded_offset = next_nonstatic_oop_offset + (nonstatic_oop_count * heapOopSize);
}

将各个类型的变量在instanceOop中的偏移量计算好后，下面就是计算每个变量的实际偏移量了。 http://www.pgykid.com
3、计算每个变量的偏移量

代码如下：
// Iterate over fields again and compute correct offsets.
// The field allocation type was temporarily stored in the offset slot.
// oop fields are located before non-oop fields (static and non-static).
for (AllFieldStream fs(_fields, _cp); !fs.done(); fs.next()) {
// skip already laid out fields
if (fs.is_offset_set())
continue;
// contended instance fields are handled below
if (fs.is_contended() && !fs.access_flags().is_static()){
continue; // 这个循环逻辑不处理有@Contended注解的实例变量
}
int real_offset;
FieldAllocationType atype = (FieldAllocationType) fs.allocation_type();

// pack the rest of the fields
switch (atype) {
  case STATIC_OOP:
    real_offset = next_static_oop_offset;
    next_static_oop_offset += heapOopSize;
    break;
  case STATIC_BYTE:
    real_offset = next_static_byte_offset;
    next_static_byte_offset += 1;
    break;
  case STATIC_SHORT:
    real_offset = next_static_short_offset;
    next_static_short_offset += BytesPerShort;
    break;
  case STATIC_WORD:
    real_offset = next_static_word_offset;
    next_static_word_offset += BytesPerInt;
    break;
  case STATIC_DOUBLE:
    real_offset = next_static_double_offset;
    next_static_double_offset += BytesPerLong;
    break;
  case NONSTATIC_OOP:
    if( nonstatic_oop_space_count > 0 ) {
      real_offset = nonstatic_oop_space_offset;
      nonstatic_oop_space_offset += heapOopSize;
      nonstatic_oop_space_count  -= 1;
    } else {
      real_offset = next_nonstatic_oop_offset;
      next_nonstatic_oop_offset += heapOopSize;
    }
    // Update oop maps
    if(
        nonstatic_oop_map_count > 0 &&
        nonstatic_oop_offsets[nonstatic_oop_map_count - 1] ==
        real_offset - int(nonstatic_oop_counts[nonstatic_oop_map_count - 1]) * heapOopSize
    ){
      // Extend current oop map
      nonstatic_oop_counts[nonstatic_oop_map_count - 1] += 1;
    } else {
      // Create new oop map
      nonstatic_oop_offsets[nonstatic_oop_map_count] = real_offset;
      nonstatic_oop_counts [nonstatic_oop_map_count] = 1;
      nonstatic_oop_map_count += 1;
      if( first_nonstatic_oop_offset == 0 ) { // Undefined
        first_nonstatic_oop_offset = real_offset;
      }
    }
    break;
  case NONSTATIC_BYTE:
    if( nonstatic_byte_space_count > 0 ) {
      real_offset = nonstatic_byte_space_offset;
      nonstatic_byte_space_offset += 1;
      nonstatic_byte_space_count  -= 1;
    } else {
      real_offset = next_nonstatic_byte_offset;
      next_nonstatic_byte_offset += 1;
    }
    break;
  case NONSTATIC_SHORT:
    if( nonstatic_short_space_count > 0 ) {
      real_offset = nonstatic_short_space_offset;
      nonstatic_short_space_offset += BytesPerShort;
      nonstatic_short_space_count  -= 1;
    } else {
      real_offset = next_nonstatic_short_offset;
      next_nonstatic_short_offset += BytesPerShort;
    }
    break;
  case NONSTATIC_WORD:
    if( nonstatic_word_space_count > 0 ) {
      real_offset = nonstatic_word_space_offset;
      nonstatic_word_space_offset += BytesPerInt;
      nonstatic_word_space_count  -= 1;
    } else {
      real_offset = next_nonstatic_word_offset;
      next_nonstatic_word_offset += BytesPerInt;
    }
    break;
  case NONSTATIC_DOUBLE:
    real_offset = next_nonstatic_double_offset;
    next_nonstatic_double_offset += BytesPerLong;
    break;
  default:
    ShouldNotReachHere();
} // end switch

fs.set_offset(real_offset);  // 设置真正的偏移量

} // end for
http://www.xaktcz.com
由于第一个变量的偏移量已经计算好，所以接下来就按顺序进行连续存储即可。不过由于实例变量会填充到空隙中，所以还需要考虑这一部分的变量，剩下的同样是通过计算出来的偏移量连续存储即可。最终算出来的每个变量的偏移量要调用fs.set_offset()保存起来，这样就能快速找到这些变量的存储位置了。

对于NONSTATIC_OOP类型的变量来说，会涉及到OopMapBlock，这个知识点在下一篇中将详细介绍。
4、@Contended变量的偏移量
http://www.bbagyf.com
实现代码如下：
// Handle the contended cases.
//
// Each contended field should not intersect the cache line with another contended field.
// In the absence of alignment information, we end up with pessimistically separating
// the fields with full-width padding.
//
// Additionally, this should not break alignment for the fields, so we round the alignment up
// for each field.
if (nonstatic_contended_count > 0) { // 标注有@Contended注解的字段数量

// if there is at least one contended field, we need to have pre-padding for them
next_nonstatic_padded_offset += ContendedPaddingWidth;

// collect all contended groups
BitMap bm(_cp->size());
for (AllFieldStream fs(_fields, _cp); !fs.done(); fs.next()) {
  // skip already laid out fields
  if (fs.is_offset_set()){
      continue;
  }
  if (fs.is_contended()) {
    bm.set_bit(fs.contended_group());
  }
}
// 将同一组的@Contended变量布局在一起
int current_group = -1;
while ((current_group = (int)bm.get_next_one_offset(current_group + 1)) != (int)bm.size()) {
  for (AllFieldStream fs(_fields, _cp); !fs.done(); fs.next()) {
    // skip already laid out fields
    if (fs.is_offset_set())
        continue;
    // skip non-contended fields and fields from different group
    if (!fs.is_contended() || (fs.contended_group() != current_group))
        continue;
    // handle statics below
    if (fs.access_flags().is_static())
        continue;

    int real_offset;
    FieldAllocationType atype = (FieldAllocationType) fs.allocation_type();

    switch (atype) {
      case NONSTATIC_BYTE:
        next_nonstatic_padded_offset = align_size_up(next_nonstatic_padded_offset, 1);
        real_offset = next_nonstatic_padded_offset;
        next_nonstatic_padded_offset += 1;
        break;
      case NONSTATIC_SHORT:
        next_nonstatic_padded_offset = align_size_up(next_nonstatic_padded_offset, BytesPerShort);
        real_offset = next_nonstatic_padded_offset;
        next_nonstatic_padded_offset += BytesPerShort;
        break;
      case NONSTATIC_WORD:
        next_nonstatic_padded_offset = align_size_up(next_nonstatic_padded_offset, BytesPerInt);
        real_offset = next_nonstatic_padded_offset;
        next_nonstatic_padded_offset += BytesPerInt;
        break;
      case NONSTATIC_DOUBLE:
        next_nonstatic_padded_offset = align_size_up(next_nonstatic_padded_offset, BytesPerLong);
        real_offset = next_nonstatic_padded_offset;
        next_nonstatic_padded_offset += BytesPerLong;
        break;
      case NONSTATIC_OOP:
        next_nonstatic_padded_offset = align_size_up(next_nonstatic_padded_offset, heapOopSize);
        real_offset = next_nonstatic_padded_offset;
        next_nonstatic_padded_offset += heapOopSize;

        // Create new oop map
        assert(nonstatic_oop_map_count < max_nonstatic_oop_maps, "range check");
        nonstatic_oop_offsets[nonstatic_oop_map_count] = real_offset;
        nonstatic_oop_counts [nonstatic_oop_map_count] = 1;
        nonstatic_oop_map_count += 1;
        if( first_nonstatic_oop_offset == 0 ) { // Undefined
          first_nonstatic_oop_offset = real_offset;
        }
        break;
      default:
        ShouldNotReachHere();
    }

    if (fs.contended_group() == 0) {
      // Contended group defines the equivalence class over the fields:
      // the fields within the same contended group are not inter-padded.
      // The only exception is default group, which does not incur the
      // equivalence, and so requires intra-padding.
      next_nonstatic_padded_offset += ContendedPaddingWidth;
    }

    fs.set_offset(real_offset);
  } // end for

  // Start laying out the next group.
  // Note that this will effectively pad the last group in the back;
  // this is expected to alleviate memory contention effects for
  // subclass fields and/or adjacent object.
  // If this was the default group, the padding is already in place.
  if (current_group != 0) {
    next_nonstatic_padded_offset += ContendedPaddingWidth;
  }
} // end while

// handle static fields

}
http://www.yhfdgt.com
同为一组的、有@Contended注解的变量要布局在一起。同一组的变量可能类型不同，并且也不会遵循之前介绍的对实例变量的布局策略，所以要在每次开始之前调用align_size_up()进行对齐操作。在布局完一组后要填充ontendedPaddingWidth个字节，然后使用相同的逻辑布局下一组的变量。最终的变量偏移量同样会调用fs.set_offset()保存起来，以方便后续进行偏移查找。