【GIT操作】如何合并多个commit

场景

在单个分支中有着多次commit，并push到了远程分支上。假设分支的commit如下图，一共有5次commit。

计划将第二次commit至第五次commit合并成一个commit。合并效果，如下图。

操作步骤

通过git bash工具交互式操作。

1. 查询commit的commitID

   git log --oneline
   

   --oneline参数，代表将每个commit压缩成一行，只显示commitID和commit message的第一行。

   d5ace53 第5次commit
   25d5ae5 第4次commit
   73c98f9 第3次commit
   a50f132 第2次commit
   d5d1335 第1次commit
   

2. 变基到第一次commit，开启交互式操作。

   git rebase -i d5d1335
   

   -i参数，代表展开交互界面

   pick a50f132 第2次commit
   pick 73c98f9 第3次commit
   pick 25d5ae5 第4次commit
   pick d5ace53 第5次commit
   
   # Rebase d5d1335..d5ace53 onto d5d1335 (4 command)
   #
   # Commands:
   # p, pick <commit> = use commit
   # r, reword <commit> = use commit, but edit the commit message
   # e, edit <commit> = use commit, but stop for amending
   # s, squash <commit> = use commit, but meld into previous commit
   # f, fixup [-C | -c] <commit> = like "squash" but keep only the previous
   #                    commit's log message, unless -C is used, in which case
   #                    keep only this commit's message; -c is same as -C but
   #                    opens the editor
   # x, exec <command> = run command (the rest of the line) using shell
   # b, break = stop here (continue rebase later with 'git rebase --continue')
   # d, drop <commit> = remove commit
   # l, label <label> = label current HEAD with a name
   # t, reset <label> = reset HEAD to a label
   # m, merge [-C <commit> | -c <commit>] <label> [# <oneline>]
   #         create a merge commit using the original merge commit's
   #         message (or the oneline, if no original merge commit was
   #         specified); use -c <commit> to reword the commit message
   
   

   按insert键，进入编辑模式，将3,4,5commit的pick修改成s或squash。

   pick a50f132 第2次commit
   s 73c98f9 第3次commit
   s 25d5ae5 第4次commit
   s d5ace53 第5次commit
   
   # Rebase d5d1335..d5ace53 onto d5d1335 (4 command)
   #
   # Commands:
   # p, pick <commit> = use commit
   # r, reword <commit> = use commit, but edit the commit message
   # e, edit <commit> = use commit, but stop for amending
   # s, squash <commit> = use commit, but meld into previous commit
   # f, fixup [-C | -c] <commit> = like "squash" but keep only the previous
   #                    commit's log message, unless -C is used, in which case
   #                    keep only this commit's message; -c is same as -C but
   #                    opens the editor
   # x, exec <command> = run command (the rest of the line) using shell
   # b, break = stop here (continue rebase later with 'git rebase --continue')
   # d, drop <commit> = remove commit
   # l, label <label> = label current HEAD with a name
   # t, reset <label> = reset HEAD to a label
   # m, merge [-C <commit> | -c <commit>] <label> [# <oneline>]
   #         create a merge commit using the original merge commit's
   #         message (or the oneline, if no original merge commit was
   #         specified); use -c <commit> to reword the commit message
   
   

   保存，展开修改message的界面，类似rebase的界面。

   # This is a combination of 4 commits.
   # This is the 1st commit message:
   
   第2次commit
   
   # This is the commit message #2:
   
   第3次commit
   
   # This is the commit message #3:
   
   第4次commit
   
   # This is the commit message #4:
   
   第5次commit
   
   # Please enter the commit message for your changes. Lines starting
   # with '#' will be ignored, and an empty message aborts the commit.
   #
   # Date:      Fri Dec 29 17:22:02 2023 +0800
   #
   # interactive rebase in progress; onto d5d1335
   # Last commands done (4 commands done):
   #   pick a50f132 第2次commit
   #   s 73c98f9 第3次commit
   #   s 25d5ae5 第4次commit
   #   s d5ace53 第5次commit
   # No commands remaining.
   # You are currently rebasing branch 'Dev_Br20231207-mergecommit' on 'd5d1335'.
   #
   # Changes to be committed:
   
   

   修改后保存。

   # This is a combination of 4 commits.
   # This is the 1st commit message:
   
   合并commit2至commit5
   
   # Please enter the commit message for your changes. Lines starting
   # with '#' will be ignored, and an empty message aborts the commit.
   #
   # Date:      Fri Dec 29 17:22:02 2023 +0800
   #
   # interactive rebase in progress; onto d5d1335
   # Last commands done (2 commands done):
   #   pick a50f132 第2次commit
   #   s 73c98f9 第3次commit
   #   s 25d5ae5 第4次commit
   #   s d5ace53 第5次commit
   # No commands remaining.
   # You are currently rebasing branch 'Dev_Br20231207-mergecommit' on 'd5d1335'.
   #
   # Changes to be committed:
   
   

   保存后会回到命令行界面。

   $ git rebase -i d5d1335
   [detached HEAD fce4ac1] 1.测试1 1.测试2
    Date: Fri Dec 29 17:22:02 2023 +0800
    1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)
   Successfully rebased and updated refs/heads/Dev_Br20231207-mergecommit.
   

3. 强制推送到远程分支。

   git push -f
   

   可能需要输出账号密码。

注意点

1. 这种方式只能支持单个分支中的普通提交点。
2. 不支持多分支合并无法操作。